Manufacturer pools: Automakers are allowed to form pools to jointly comply with CO2 targets. For this publication, the 2025 pools are defined according to the European Commission’s “M1 pooling list” (cars), version of 15 September 2025, as well as the “Declaration of intent to form Open Pools” (cars), version of 17 October 2025, and the “N1 pooling list” (vans), version of 21 August 2025. The 2024 closed pools from these lists have been carried over into 2025, even in the absence of a 2025 formal declaration, as they typically remain stable due to ongoing commercial affiliations (e.g., the BMW, Hyundai, and Kia pools). In contrast, only open pools that have been confirmed for 2025 are included, as their composition tends to change more frequently than closed pools. Additionally, it is assumed that the Renault Group forms closed passenger car and van pools in 2025 with its affiliated manufacturers, and that the Mercedes-Benz Group forms a closed van pool with its affiliated manufacturers. For cars, the main brands are: BMW pool (BMW, Mini), Hyundai pool (Hyundai), Kia pool (Kia), Mercedes-Volvo-Polestar-Smart pool (Mercedes- Benz, Polestar, Smart, Volvo), Nissan pool (BYD, Nissan), Renault pool (Dacia, Renault), Tesla pool (Citroën, Fiat, Ford, Jeep, Mazda, Opel, Peugeot, Suzuki, Tesla, Toyota), Volkswagen pool (Audi, Cupra, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda, VW). For vans, the main brands are: Ford pool (Ford), Mercedes-Benz pool (Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi Fuso), Renault pool (Renault), Stellantis pool (Citroën, Fiat, Opel, Peugeot), Toyota pool (Toyota), Volkswagen pool (MAN, Volkswagen). SAIC is a large passenger car manufacturer not part of a pool. Similarly, Iveco and Nissan are large van manufacturers not part of a pool.
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